Essay on A Review of the Literature on Marijuana - 3141 Words

A considerable amount of literature has been published on cannabis specifically marijuana. These studies classify marijuana into three species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and cannabis ruderalis. In fact, Cannabis sativa is the most widely used and recognized among the other species due to its ability to produce more fiber and oil. For many years, the plant has been used for making clothes as well as lighting and soap. Nevertheless, cannabis is widely used at the present time for intoxication and medical treatments. Marijuana is usually extracted from the flowers of the female plant (Grinspoon Bakalar, 1993). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, marijuana is well-defined as the â€Å"dried leaves, flowers, stems, and†¦show more content†¦They contended that, â€Å"marijuana clubs, called tea pads, sprang up in every major city. These marijuana establishments were tolerated by the authorities because marijuana was not illegal and patrons showed no evide nce of making a nuisance of themselves or disturbing the community† (Marijuana History, n.d.). Marijuana Is Medicine Many research studies have mentioned that people have used marijuana as medicine to treat various diseases and ailments such as pain, insomnia, loss of appetite, and depression. For instance, during the period 1838-1840, a British doctor conducted a research study on patients in India regarding the medicinal effects of marijuana on some diseases, such as tetanus, rabies, and rheumatism. After returning to England, he brought the same drug with him to be popular medicine among the British people. Soon many articles were published about the medical effects of marijuana both in the European and American journals. Further, in 1972, a group of researchers conducted a study on the medical effects of marijuana and they found that it could treat glaucoma by reducing the pressure in the eye. Another research study conducted in 1975 on marijuana as an effective soothing medicine to reduce the nausea and side-effects of AIDS-related medications. (Goode, 1999) Other resear ch study conducted by Grinspoon and Bakalar (1993) attempted to explain the medical benefits of marijuana and how it could treat aShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Marijuana: A Review of the Literature1843 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia was the first state to pass a marijuana law in 1913 followed by the rest of the states in the nation until the year of 1937, when marijuana became completely illegal at the federal level. (Guither) Before then, marijuana and specifically hemp had many uses for colonists and farmers and was such a critical crop for a number of purposes, that the government even encouraged its growth. It was not until Henry J. Anslinger saw the Bureau of Narcotics as a fascinating career opportunity thatRead Moreliterature review- should marijuana be legalised?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Literature review The legalisation of marijuana has long been a debated subject, and not only in Australia But all around the world. People’s views in this area vary greatly, with many reasonable arguments for and against the issue. In this report, past studies and literature will be reviewed providing an understanding into the possible consequences of legalising marijuana as well as the views and debates regarded to the issue. The organisation, Gallup has been examining America’s attitudeRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesRecently doctors have prescribed marijuana, and â€Å"the Clinton administration threatened to prosecute doctors who prescribe marijuana,† (Gonnerman 40). Doctors are prescribing marijuana for its medical benefits. The Clinton administration on the other hand is outlawing marijuana because it has not been approved by the FDA. Since doctors feel marijuana has medical benefits it should be clinically tested so they can prescribe it for their patients. Marijuana can be used for many medical reasons. ForRead MoreThe Issue Of Medical Marijuana Programs Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical community in regards to the application or utilization of this form of treatment. 2. Legal implications based on Federal Law, and laws that originate at the State level. Federal law is specific in regards to marijuana in general. However, specific criteria for medical marijuana programs widely vary from state-to-state, with no form of standardization. Medicine in its purest definition can generally be defined as the practice of diagnosing, preventing and the treatment of various ailments orRead MoreIs Marijuana A Harmful Drug Or A Beneficial Medicine?1496 Words   |  6 PagesIs marijuana a harmful drug or a beneficial medicine? A Review of the Literature Marijuana has been utilized for many years by a diverse selection of people. Each user having their own unique reasons for their strong believe in one natural plant’s ability to heal and enlighten. However the plant remains to be classified as a scheduled one. As stated by the United States Drug Enforcement Association, â€Å"drugs, substances, and certain chemicals used to make drugs are classified into five (5) distinctRead MoreJuveniles and Drug Abuse946 Words   |  4 PagesTherefore, many common foods qualify as drugs. According to this definition, some of our most cherished beverages such as tea, coffee, and cola are drugs. However this paper focuses on drugs that are abused by teenagers. Surveys show that cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and inhalants are the most commonly used drugs among teenagers age thirteen through eighteen. One of the most startling findings from recent data is the degree to which to which teenagers are now involved in drug use. This drug abuse problemRead MoreResearch Proposal On Medical Marijuana1094 Words   |  5 PagesFlorence Mbah Faculty Advisor: Dr. Flora Estes Topic: Medicinal Marijuana a growing field of interest Title: Chronic Pain and the use of Medicinal Marijuana vs Opioids Introduction and Purpose of study: Medicinal marijuana has been garnering a lot of attention as 29 states and Washington D.C have legalized medical marijuana and most recently in 2016, eight (8) states have now approved recreational marijuana. Medicinal marijuana is currently being used for the treatment of many diseases such asRead MoreHow Drugs Affects The Mind And Body And How Dangerous Consequences1464 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review. According to my literature review assignment, I decided to chose my topic about â€Å"Drugs†. Their history, including how drugs effect the mind and body and how dangerous the consequences could be. We all know in general they are unsafe and dangerous. But do we know thoroughly all about them? These substances have become a very interesting subject for me. I am very interested in abstracting more knowledge about them. Today present it has become very famous the consume ofRead MoreMarijuana As A Medicine And Medicine1571 Words   |  7 Pages The use of marijuana as medicine is a fairly new concept and doesn t have much information on it, however it is slowly being tested and studies have shown the advantages and disadvantages to using it medically. Marijuana, more scientifically known as Cannabis, is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Evidence supports that it may have properties that could show its usefulness in the medical field. For example, it has been used in the treatment of nausea, glaucoma, and migrainesRead MoreMarijuana and Illness1063 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana and Illness One of the major challenges with patient management and care is the alleviation and or reduction of pain. Pain and discomfort accompanies most medical procedures and consequently strenuous efforts are made by medical doctors provide pain relief to their patients. The tools available to doctors are very limited and most have undesirable side effects. Some of the more potent pain relievers have the potential to become addictive. Consequently, there is a need for a pain relief

The Issue Of Race And Education - 847 Words

Introduction The issue is not prejudice. The issue is discrimination; the actions that personify the hatred burdened in ignorance that boils inside of people. Hatred makes them incapable of preventing their darkness from permeating the environment; stifling the dreams of young men and women who look like me. This is the message that is lost amongst the fury and emotion that surrounds race relations. In writing about race and education, I was able to force myself to remove feeling from this topic. In doing so, I came to the realization that people really do not care if someone hates the next person. People care about the ability to thrive. People want to feel free. Freedom goes beyond being released from physical chains. Freedom is access and opportunity. Freedom is being able to make choices that have similar outcomes to your brethren, whether negative or positive. Almost three months after the submission date, I can valiantly attest to the difficulty of the topic of race and education. The area is layered with nuances, history, structural barriers and of course personal experiences. It is a struggle for me to grasp that it would take a Picasso of an attorney to creatively apply the law to form a legal right around the issue of education. Education as a fundamental right, with being such a central and vital asset to survival in today’s society, seems like such an obvious progression that it need no argument. However, here we are. Discussion PersonalShow MoreRelatedRace And Education : Education1442 Words   |  6 PagesRace and Education The topic of Race and education stems from our country being divided for a long time among class and race. There is no doubt that if you have a better social standing in society chances are your education will be better. This is not to say people haven’t broken down barriers because they have in order to receive quality education for themselves without the use of much funding. People are motivated to have their children learn as much as can and acquire academic scholarships soRead MoreCritical Race Theory And Method : Counter Storytelling843 Words   |  4 Pagesweek’s reading, we read the article â€Å"Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-storytelling† by Daniel G. Solorzano and Tara J. Yosso. Throughout the reading, it emphasizes the racial problem that Chicana and Chicano undergraduate and graduate are facing under the educational system. In order to understand more about their experiences, the authors divided the reading into three differe nt steps. First of all, they defined the meaning of critical race theory. This theory help provide more informationRead MoreRace Relations : A Resolved Issue?1644 Words   |  7 PagesGuyo Kotile Race Relations: A Resolved Issue? ENGL 1021-64 Prof. Larry Sklaney 3 Dec. 2013 Although the issue of race relations has died down since the civil rights movement, it is still present in politics and the work place today. Race relations works to better the rights of minority citizens and to lessen the gap between the races. With the facts stated above, race relations are an important issue in the United States of America. Race is a much discussed social and political topic. Race, especiallyRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?962 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever walked into a school that was rich and had students that were low income there or vice versa? You just have to stop and think about education and how your status of income, your race/ethnicity, and the gender you are will have an impact in how you learn and move on into understanding the ways of other ideas not just education. Now that s what professional authors state as a fact. For example, you have Jonathan Kozol in â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† state the differences between theRead MoreEssay about Educational Achievement and Development1338 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents’ academic journey. Education as a form of secondary socialisation teaches students, the basic norms and values of society and assists in developing their individual identity. In many cases there are contributing issues that not only hinder, but can dramatically affect a child’s educational achievement and development; but also impacts negatively on their childhood experience. These contributing factors consist of a person’s class, their gender and/or their race and ethnicity; which no childRead MoreProblems with Ethnicity and Race in the Classroom855 Words   |  3 Pages1104: Ethnicity and Race remain significant problems in today’s British education system. Discuss. In today’s British education system there still are significant problems regarding ethnicity and race. The problems include the idea that specific races are not doing as well as their counterparts even though they may be taught in the same way yet there are suggestions to say that the education system is institutionally racist. Can this explain why some races do better than other races? Ethnicity relatesRead MoreAmerican Schools: Should Be More Equitable for Students of Lower Classes and Minority Races1364 Words   |  6 Pagesassociate with economic and social classes, race and ethnicity, and gender issues. Although the gender differences in classrooms do have some affects on the quality of American education, they are not the main reasons why American schools are in danger. The most serious problems in American educational system are the barriers that students from both lower classes and minority races are facing. In K-12 schools, standardized testing seems to be the one i ssue that creates problems. In terms of enrollingRead MoreThe Importance Of Adult Education As An Academic Discipline800 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In today’s knowledge-based society and economy, education, in particular continuing education, is one of the key elements for stable and well-paying jobs as technology and information continue to evolve. This fact sheds light on the importance of adult education as an academic discipline, which brings about learning to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, and/or values, in particular in a broader context. In particular, the results of Programme for the International Assessment of AdultRead MoreMeasuring Racial And Ethnic Inequality1508 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent spheres such as income and wealth, health, education, and criminal justice. After summarizing the content covered in the chapter, Klass’s methodology and findings can be discussed and evaluated. Klass introduces the chapter by telling a brief anecdote about Bill Cosby and how he responded to criticism he received regarding a speech he gave to commemorate the Brown v. Board of Education case. In his speech, Cosby made a lot of claims about issues such as African Americans dropping out of schoolRead MoreThe Issue Of Teacher Quality1322 Words   |  6 PagesRace and education are two things that seem to have a very great effect on each other. We live in the land of opportunity, and this land provides â€Å"The American Dream†. However, the American Dream must come with equal quality education for all people regardless of their race. Education is one of the major obstacles today that stands in the way of giving everyone the same opportunity that they deserve. Experts found out that students of color are given less opportunities to receive finical aid, scholarships

Global Warming Not Our Fault - 850 Words

Global Warming: Not Our Fault The earth is constantly undergoing changes. This ranges from tectonic activity to atmospheric and climate changes. The most recent change that we have noticed, is the increase in temperature. Some believe that this increase is the result of human activity. However, this is not the case. The increased temperatures are within the normal tolerances from the past few thousand years (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). This and other changes to the atmosphere have been going on for millions of years. Global warming is not our fault because it is a natural occurring phenomenon. The increased temperatures are part of a natural cycle that the earth goes through. These cycles include both warming and cooling periods. The most recent warming period was approximately 1000 years ago known as the â€Å"Medieval Climate Optimum† (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). During the Medieval Climate Optimum the average temperature was much warmer than what is no w. 1000 years ago they didn’t burn hydrocarbons like we do now, and the temperatures then were warmer than they are now. 200 - 500 years ago the earth went through a cooling period known as a â€Å"Little Ice Age† (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). We are currently recovering from that cooling period. During the Little Ice Age temperatures dropped well below average. However, a study of more recent history temperatures can also show that the climates are cyclic and not the result of human activities.Show MoreRelatedThe Group 1 Takeover : Is Global Warming Our Fault?952 Words   |  4 Pages The topic focused on climate change or global warming. The message of the presentation asked if the cause of the current increase in temperatures is attributed to the increase in CO2 emissions by humans. The value and of this conversation comes at a time when there is lots of politics involved creating gridlock not only for citizens but also for scientists. Jonathan Armentrou t, Devonta Williams and Ariana Ireland-Nelson ask, â€Å"Is Global Warming Our Fault?†, and immediately you start to think aboutRead MoreMy Exam Choice : Home Final Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Com 310 Spring 2015 Instructor: Dan Dullea Student Name: Destini Brodi ID: #0473731 The Topic Questions: Most scientists, using scientific evidence, believe that Global Warming and Global Climate change are the defining problem of our time and how we address the problem will determine the fate of our species. Other interest groups believe that either there is no problem or that we will find technological fixes to overcome any potential climate disaster: You are to examine how theseRead MoreGlobal Warming : Natural Or Man Made1328 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Natural or Man-made There has been researches that show that all the efforts to relieve global warming was useless. What this means is that global warming, which we considered it as a manmade disaster, might just be a part of the Earth’s fluctuating cycles. Before we move on to the clashes regarding global warming, I want to clarify the definitions of the terms that I will be discussing. Referring to NASA, global warming is the increase in Earth s average surface temperature dueRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay example699 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal warming has many pro’s or people who believe global warming exists not because it is a good thing. People who believe global warming exists and want to fix the problem as soon as possible because it may cause a catastrophe. Al Gore and the IPCC are the main people who believe global warming may change our lives and sometimes create an illusion that it is our fault. There are many examples that it may be so like a hot summer in Edmonton, no negative temperature days in Glasgow, Montana howeverRead MoreGlobal Warming: Natural or Man Made? 1139 Words   |  5 PagesMan made global warming has been a topic of uncontrollable controversy for many decades now. Global warming is the increase in the average global surface temperature in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are many theories as to why there has been such a drastic change in the Earth’s atmosphere throughout the years. These theories have ignited many debates amongst scientists. According to multiple scientists, humans are the ones responsible for the alarming change in the Earth’s atmospheric temperatureRead MoreGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans In modern America few problems prove to be as fundamentally problematic as the theory of human induced global warming. Its repeated coverage from within the media and political arena are influencing people worldwide, putting those who think differently in an outcast shadow. The truth of the matter is, to not believe in human induced global warming has become politically incorrect and unacceptable in the public eye. The theory of human induced global warming canRead MoreClimate Change Is Our Fault922 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change is Our Fault The truth is earth is heating up and it is partially humans fault. The simplest of human activities can alter the climates to change. Humans are not the only climate drivers. There are also natural factors (â€Å"How Much Does Human Activity Affect Climate Change?†). The earth is changing due to the climate changes . For future generations the earth may perhaps look different (Nuccitelli). Human activity is advancing global climate change rapidly. Humans are the main factorRead MoreFactors that Contribute to Global Warming, Such as Carbon Dioxide743 Words   |  3 PagesOver the recent years, global warming has become a hot topic, due to the melting of polar ice caps and extreme temperature changes across the globe. Since 1960, the percentage of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by 20%, which is the highest recorded in 800,000 years. The true question though is whether this is due to natural causes or whether it’s the impact humans have on the earth’s delicate ecosystem. The main signs that global warming is currently affecting our world is the rapid temperatureRead More Pollution Essay: Don’t Blame Me for Global Warming1033 Words   |  5 Pageswrong by one body of people. This body is our government, for many years now they have spoke of the horrendous situations stemming from global warming. This makes no sense; with the facts and information that we have received over the years they still support this preposterous idea. Humans do nothing to contribute to global warming; the irregular climate events are just natural occurrences. These occurrences are no stranger to our history either. (â€Å"Global Warm Up†)(â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†) TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World868 Words   |  4 PagesDisputed Global Warming Affects Global Warming is in the minds of critical thinkers and scientist as well as the Industrial World. In this paper, we will look at man-made causes of Global Warming, and natural causes in Global Warming Affects. The man- made cause would be (GHC) which abbreviates to greenhouse gases and the chemical (SO2) represents sulfur dioxide from cars and Industry. The natural cause in the climate would direct more to a cooler climate. The Global Warming remains,augmented that

Role in society Essay Example For Students

Role in society Essay A Dolls House, written by Henrik Ibsen allows every individual in the play to find out the kind of person he or she is and to strive to attain their true identity. Ibsen portrays this behaviour in a Dolls House through one of the main characters, Nora Helmer by setting the scene in Norway during 1872. In the late 1800s women did not play an important role in society. Their job was to cook, clean, sew and take care of the children. Women were treated as material possesions rather than human beings that were capable of thinking and acting for themselves. On the other hand males had always dominated over the women appearing more superior, however this was not viewed as something unfair. Males were to go to school and then further advance in their education by attending college. Ibsen strappingly depicts the limit of womens rights during the 1800s. Deception within A Dolls House is an ongoing theme. It brings out the plot, outlines the characters and allows the reader to explore the status of women and the society. Without deception there would really be no play. This also leaves the audience to make a decision about the play. After reading A Dolls House I can conclude that there are resemblances yet a contrast between the characters Mrs. Linde and Nora. A contrasting difference in the characters are shown in the role that they play in their marriages. The character of Nora is the most deceptive in the play. She is one the main characters. Her deceptiveness is caused by the disloyalty towards her husband, Torvald. From the start of the play we see her lying about the most ridiculous things like how much money she spends and whether she has been eating macaroons. Then we find out how she lies about the crimes shes committed when she took out a loan without Torvald knowing and forging her fathers signature. However we still see Nora as a sweet and innocent child. We can see throughout the play that Nora is able to disguise herself and appear differently to the audience. This is a way she protects herself and gets her own way. One of the most obvious and consistent things she does is act like a child. We can see her childish acts at the beginning of the first act as she crosses quietly to Torvalds dorrafter sneakily eating a few macaroons and hiding them in her pocket. There are many incidents throughout the play where Nora uses her child like acts to get her what she wants but at the same time cover up her lies. This can be seen when Torvald is questioning her about the macaroons (which were forbidden for her by Torvald) and she turns around and says to her husband, I could never deceive you. Many people do not pay much attention to her lying as she doesnt lie about anything significant, however we see it as a white lie, this is probably because of her sweet and playful character. I believe the first scene in the play makes us feel like we should protect Nora in a way and that she isnt really capable of doing any wrong. Another character, Mrs. Linde makes her first appearance in the play and we find out that she is an old friend of Noras. Her talk with Nora allows us to hear the hardships from the past years involving deaths and ill family members. However we see a selfish side to Nora, where she really doesnt pay attention to Mrs. Linde instead she is more eager to talk about how these last eight years have been so truly happy, Nora feels the need to brag about her life in order to prove herself to Mrs. .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .postImageUrl , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:hover , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:visited , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:active { border:0!important; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:active , .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8 .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d044b91d9239f025a0442479b07afc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Society EssayLinde. As Nora discovers that Mrs. Linde has lost her husband and has no children Nora tries to empathise with Mrs. Linde, however in a way it seems as though she is rubbing it in as she talks about her three beautiful children and her extraordinary luck theyve just had with Torvald being made manager of the bank. Nora again lies when it is to do with her career. She tells Mrs. Linde that she has had a few odd jobs such as needlework, embroidery,crocheting, This coincides with what she and Torvald were talking about earlier involving Christmas decorations. Obviously Torvald is not aware of her taking any jobs as she is his little squirrel and doesnt want her to work (which was very common in those days). It is either she is lying to Mrs. Linde in order to make herself look better or she was lying to Torvald about the cat tearing everything to shreads, causing her to do a rush job on the decorations because she had to fit work into her schedule. It is more likely that she is lying to Torvald as he seems to be the victim of most of her lies. Mrs.  Linde feels protective over Nora because she still sees her as still being a child and we see this as Dr. Rank enters the room. Nora offers him a macaroon, to which he replies, I thought that they were forbidden. Nora justifies it by telling Dr. Rank that Mrs. Linde has brought them. Mrs. Linde does not come against this because she knows about the consequences of breaking rules around the house. Here we can see how Nora is capable of twisting people to her side in order to be able to keep her lies up without being discovered.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Essay Example

Blue Cross Blue Shield Essay The Changing Face of Blue Cross Blue Shield Betty Bogart Kaplan University Author Note Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Betty Bogart, Student, Kaplan University, 1801 East Kimberly Road, Davenport IA 52807. The Changing Face of Blue Cross Blue Shield Since their founding as individual companies in the early 20th century, Blue Cross Blue Shield has grown to become one of the largest insurance companies in the United States. Blue Cross coverage for hospital care and Blue Shield coverage for physician visits grew to national coverage separately before merging to form the Association we know today. In 1929 Justin Ford Kimball developed a program to cover teachers for hospital treatment. It guaranteed them 21 days of hospital care for $6 dollars per year. This program was later extended to encompass other employee groups first in Dallas then nationally. The program became Blue Cross. The first Blue Cross Baby was born in a hospital in Dunham, North Carolina. This was the first birth in America to be covered by a health insurance certificate that included maternity benefits. In 1939 the American Hospital Association adopted the Blue Cross symbol for plans meeting certain requirements. The ties with the AHA were severed in 1970. In the early 20th century employers in mining and lumber camps of the Pacific Northwest developed a plan to cover employees by paying monthly fees to bureaus composed of groups of physicians. Officially the first Blue Shield Plan was implemented in California in 1939. The plan grew and was adopted by the Associated Medical Care Plan, a group of nine separate plans. Later the plan was renamed the National Association of Blue Shield Plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Cross Blue Shield specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Cross Blue Shield specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Cross Blue Shield specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both programs grew to national coverage as the need for medical insurance continued to grow with industry. The two companies merged to form Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association in 1982. At the time the company was defined as coverage under social welfare plans and was thus tax exempt. In 1986 the tax reform act labeled the company a 501(m) organization which would be subject to federal taxation with special tax benefits under IRC 833. Following this change, BCBSA changed its policies to allow its licensees to be for-profit corporations. In 1984 the nation’s first heart transplant covered by Blue Shield Association was performed in Stanford University Hospital. This would pave the way for BCBSA to create the Blue Cross and Blue Shield National Transplant Network which would become the Blue Quality Centers for Transplant. Today it includes 60 transplant centers nationwide and covers transplants for heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, bone marrow, and stem cell. In the mid 1990’s the Balanced Budget Act added the Medicare+Choice program. This allowed beneficiaries multiple health plans to choose from. By 2000, BCBSA processed the majority of Medicare claims. These claims alone totaled over 163 billion. In 2003 over 88 million Americans were covered by BCBSA liscensees. Today 38 companies comprise the BCBSA system which provides coverage for nearly 100 million people including all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Nationwide over 95% of hospitals and over 90% of professional providers contract directly with BCBSA companies. Coverage through BCBSA now includes the largest privately underwritten health insurance contract in the world. The FEP (Federal Employment Program) covers more than 5 million federal government employees, dependants, and retirees. The world of health care is an always changing one and BCBSA is no different. From starting as two separate small programs to growing into a leader in health care and technology, this association is an excellent example of how far the industry has grown and how far we’ve advanced in this country and as humans in general. From transplant research and technology to Medicare, BCBSA continues to stay at the head of the field in all aspects. From their humble origins of trial programs, Blue Cross and Blue Shield have always been on the cutting edge of new health care and technology. As one of the largest insurance Associations in the United states, BCBSA has continued to improve the quality of health care in the United States. Advancements such as Blue Cross Blue Shield National Transplant Network and Technologies Evaluation Center have proven the companies’ drive to continually improve health care in the United States. The biggest concern I have for the future of health care would be affordability. Some families still live paycheck to paycheck barely scraping by and the spiraling cost of health care and health insurance remains out of reach for them. Veterans and elderly benefits are cut to maintain cost while leaving some unfortunates behind. Un-insured people in America was a staggering 50 million in 2010 leading most to believe that something must be done to keep health insurance and health care affordable to everyone. No one should have to suffer without a physician’s care simply due to lack of insurance. References Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (http://www. bcbs. com/about-the-association) Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Illinois (http://bcbsil. com/) Blue Cross and Blue Shield Federal Employee Program (http://fepblue. org/) CNN Money (http://money. cnn. com/) Scott P. Serota, CEO Blue Cross and Blue Shield (http://www. bcbs. com/about-the-association/officers/scott-serota. html)

Xenotransplants essays

Xenotransplants essays A xenotransplant is a transplant between species (animal to human). This means that living cells, tissues, and/or organs are transferred from one species to another. The ideal animal to use, in an animal-to-human, xenotransplant would be the chimpanzee, because their genome is more than 98 percent identical to the human genome. But chimpanzees are an endangered species, are too costly to raise, they are slow to mature, and there is the possibility that they may harbor viruses that may be fatal to humans. With chimps out of the question, the next choice of animal is the pig. Their organs are a very similar size of that of a human, they have large litters and can be raised in a sterile environment to reduce the likelihood of transmission of disease to humans. Although there is always the worry of viruses that are part of the animals genome and cannot be removed. Pigs have already been used to treat humans, for example as a souse of heart valves for people with damaged hearts. This however is quite different from xenotransplants because the heart valves are treated with special chemicals that kill the cells and destroy potentially dangerous agents, these do not pose the same risks as transplants of living pig cells and organs. The first successful xenotransplant was in 1995. A man named Jeff Getty was infected with HIV and had AIDS. Baboon bone marrow was transplanted into him in hopes to replace his crumbling immune system with an HIV-proof baboon immune system to protect him from the infection. The baboon cells only functioned for two weeks, but Getty is still alive and the researchers learned a great deal. Xenotransplants could potentially provide an unlimited supply of organs, cells, and tissue, for treating human disease. About 4000 people die each year waiting for organ transplants. Any disease that is treated by human-to-human transplants could potentially be treated by xenotransplantation. ...

High school sports personal to myself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

High school sports personal to myself - Essay Example During my freshman year of high school I had just moved to a new town and did not know many people. Upon joining the high school baseball team I was able to meet and interact with a wide variety of individuals. This allowed me to become fully integrated into my high school as well as the new community. I recognize that having the opportunity to interact with a number of individuals under a common interest was a very beneficial element for my life. It greatly boosted my self-esteem and confidence. The structure of high school sports was also a highly beneficial element for my life. Everyday after school I attended practice and participated in rigorous exercise. Now that I am in college I recognize that not having this structure and regular exercise effects other aspects of my life. I have now been required to fill in these elements on my own. Having this regular structure in my life I believe was good for my general health and motivation. While it may appear counter-intuitive, the mor e active I was the more energy I generally had. This motivation affected other aspects of my life, such that I approached it with strength and vigor. Since leaving the high school baseball team I have been forced to struggle to fill these elements.